Fox Nuts in Global Food Markets
Where makhana comes from, why demand is growing, and how it is used abroad.
Origin
Fox nut is the seed of Euryale ferox, an aquatic plant of the water-lily family grown in ponds and wetlands. India supplies the vast majority of the world’s makhana, and most of it comes from the Mithila region of Bihar. “Mithila Makhana” received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2022.
How it is produced
Seeds are collected from pond beds, cleaned, sun-dried and size-graded. They are then roasted and the hard shell is cracked so the kernel pops into the familiar white puff. Much of this work is still done by hand, which is why consistent grading takes skill.
Why demand is growing
- Plant-based and naturally gluten-free
- Low in fat, with useful protein and minerals for a puffed snack
- Fits the shift toward roasted rather than fried snacks
- Neutral taste that takes seasoning well
How it is used abroad
International buyers mainly use makhana as a roasted, flavoured snack, but it is also used in cereals, trail mixes, flour and ready meals. In 2025 the Government of India announced a dedicated Makhana Board for Bihar to support production, processing and exports.